Participles, Participle constructions
Use
to shorten relative clauses
to make one sentence out of two
after verbs of "perception" (e.g. see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel)
after verbs of "rest" and "movement" (e.g. run, go, come, stay, stand, lie, sit)
after the verb have
instead of a subordinate clause
Form
present participle>>>>an exciting race
past participle >>>>excited people
Examples
The cars which are produced in Japan are nice
The cars produced in Japan are nice
I saw the man. He came to the shop
I saw the man coming to the shop
I saw the car coming round the corner
The girl sat sleeping on the sofa
I have my clothes washed
When they went to Texas they expected a better job.
Going to Texas they expected a better job
Participles - Form
present participle
The present participle is often used when we want to express an active action
In English we add -ing to the infinitive of the verb
Use of the present participle
Progressive/
>>>Continuous tense He is reading a book
He was reading a book
Gerund >>>>>Reading books is fun
He likes reading books
Participle >>>>>Look at the reading boy
He came running around the corner
He sat reading a book
I saw him reading
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past participle
The past participle is often used when we want to express a passive action
In English we add -ed to the infinitive of regular verbs or we use the forms in the 3rd column of the table of the irregular verbs.
Use of the past participle
Perfect tenses >>>>>He has forgotten the pencil
He had forgotten the pencil
Passive voice >>>>>A house is built
A house was built
Participle >>>>Look at the damaged car
The car damaged in the accident was blue
He had his car washed
